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ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ
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. ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืชืจ ืžืฉืœื›ื?ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื

ืคืจืฉืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื

ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ - ืขืœ "ื‘ึผึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึธืจึธื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื", ืขืœ "ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ" ื•ืขืœ "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึตืœึทื™".[1]ื›ืœ ื“ึดึผื‘ึผึตืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืœื™ื. ื›ืœ ื“ึดึผื‘ึผึตืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื - ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช "ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช" ื‘ืจื ื”ืื“ื ืืœื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœืžื• ื•ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘"ืฉืžื•ืช", ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื”ืื“ื ืืœ ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– "ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ". ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช "ื“ื‘ืจื™ื" ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื”ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืžืฆื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืžืžืฆื™ืื•. ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืžืžืฆื™ืื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื ืœื ืžืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืื• ื”ื•ืฉืข ืื• ืขืžื•ืก ืื• ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ืื• ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืื• ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ืื• ืขื–ืจื ืื• ื›ืœ ื ื‘ื™ื ืกืชืžืื™ ืื• ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืกืชืžืื™ืช ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื“ืข ืืช ืฉืžื.[2] ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื ืจืฉื ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื“ื‘ืจื™ื" ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืžืžืฆื™ืื•. ื•ืืžื ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืฉื•ื ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืฉืœ "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึตืœึทื™" ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•, ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืขืžื•ืก, ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื”, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื, ื›ืžืจื™ื, ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืžืืžื™ื ืžื›ื”"ื› (ืžืœื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื). ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ึผึดื‘ึผึตืจึดื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื’ื ืื ื™ ืœื ืขืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืื’ื“ื” ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื. ื”ื ื” ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœื”: ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ ื - ืื’ื“ืช "ื‘ึผึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึธืจึธื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื" ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืคึผึทืกึผึธืœ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฆึถืœึถื ืžื•ืฉืœื ื•ืงืจื ืœื• "ืืœื”ื™ื". ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืžื›ืจ "ืืœื”ื™ื" ืœืื•ืฆึตืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘: "ื–ื”ื• ืฆืœืžื• ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืืœื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฉืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘". ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ - ืื’ื“ืช "ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ" ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืจื“ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืคื’ื•ื ื•ืจืข ืคึผึทืกึผึถืœึถืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืžืื– ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ืฆึถืœึถื ืืœื”ื™ื ืคื’ื•ื ืœืชืคืืจืช. ื”ื™ื ืงืจืื” "ื™ื”ื•ื”" ืœืฆืœืžื” ื”ืคื’ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ื” ืฉื”ืืœ ืฉืœื” ื™ืชื”ื•ื” ืœืขื“ ื•ืœื ื™ื™ื’ืžืจ ืœืขื•ืœื. ืžืื– ืžืชื”ื•ึธื” ื™ื”ื•ื” ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช, ื•ื”ืคืกืœืช ื”ืื—ืจืช ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืืคืœื” ื•ื”ืžื•ึผืืจืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืคื—ืช ื‘ืืคื” ื ืฉืžืช ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื™ื” ืืช ื ืคืฉื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ึนืฆึฐืจึดื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื” ืืœืคื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื›ืกืฃ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฆืœื ื™ื”ื•ื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืžืกืจื‘ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื” ืืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื” ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื”. ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื ืช ื‘ื—ื“ื•ื” ืืช ืงืœืงื•ืœื™ื”, ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืคื’ืžื™ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื’ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“. "ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึฑืœึนื”ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ", ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื—ืฉืช ืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ืžื”, " ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืฉืœื ืชึดึผื’ึธืžึตืจ ืœืขื•ืœื"... ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ ื’ - ืื’ื“ืช "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึตืœึทื™" ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื‘ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึตืœึทื™" ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืงืจื ื•ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื–ื•ืœืชื•, ืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื” ื•ืœื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ืจ ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘, ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืžื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืœืคื™ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ืžืœืกื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื•ืคืคื• ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื•ืื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืชื™ื‘ืงืข ื—ื•ืžืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืฆื‘ื ืืฉื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ื™ื—ืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืคื—ื•ืช. "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึตืœึทื™", ื—ืฆื‘ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืืฉ ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ื•ื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื•ืžืœืกื™ื ืฉื—ื–ื• ื‘ืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื–ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•. "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึตืœึทื™: ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืœืš ื›ืœ ืคืกืœ ื•ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืฆืœื. ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืœื›ื ืืžืจ ื™ื”ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืœืžืœืืš. ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืœืฉืจืฃ, ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืœืฉืœื™ื—, ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ืฉื™ืขื– ืœื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึตืœึทื™". ืžืื– ื•ืื™ืœืš ื—ื“ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืœื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื” ืื• ืคืกืœ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื’ืื•ื” ืื• ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืคื ืชื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ื” ืื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”. ืžืื– ืื™ื‘ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื” ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื•, ืžืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื‘ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื–ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืžืื– ืึดื‘ึฐึผื“ื” ื™ื”ื•ื” ืืช ืจืืฉื” ื•ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื” ื•ืืช ืฉื“ื™ื” ื•ืืช ืขืจื•ืชื” ื•ืืช ืงื•ืœ ืขืจื•ืชื” ื•ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื” ื”ืžืชื”ืœืš ื‘ื’ืŸ ื•ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื” ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืžึผึธื™ึดื ื•ืืช ืงื•ึนืœ ื™ื”ื•ื” ื—ึนืฆึตื‘ ืœึทื”ึฒื‘ื•ึนืช ื•ืืช ืงื•ึนืœ ื™ื”ื•ื” ื™ึฐื—ื•ึนืœึตืœ ืึทื™ึผึธืœื•ึนืช. ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืœื ืฉืžืขื” ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฉืžืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื”, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ื–ื›ืจื™ื”, ื™ืฉื•ืข, ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื—ืื™, ืžื•ื—ืžื“, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื, ื›ืžืจื™ื, ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืžืืžื™ื ืžื›ื”"ื› (ืžืœื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื). "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึตืœึทื™", ื ืื ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ืžืœืกื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื•ืคืคื• ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื”. ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืฉืชื• ื‘ืฆืžื ืืช ืกืคื•ืจื• ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืขืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ื ื•ืื ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื ืืช ื ืื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื•ืฆื‘ืื• ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื›ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืขื ืžืฉื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•, ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืžืœืกื™ื ื ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืคื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืืœื ืฆื‘ื ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืฉื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื–ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช. [1] "ื‘ึผึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึธืจึธื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื" ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ื, "ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ" ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื› ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• "ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐื”ื‚ื•ึธื” ืึตืœึทื™" ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื (ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืงื•ื“ื ( ื ืžื‘) ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจืงื ื• ( ืคืจืง ื‘ ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘, ื˜, ื™"ื– ื•ืœ"ื) ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืคืขื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉืขื™ื”, ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืขืžื•ืก, ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื”. [2] ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœ "ื“ื‘ืจื™ื" ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืืกืชืคืง ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค` ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ื ืคืœื“ "ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื•: ืžืฆื™ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื”" ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช. - "ืžืชื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื? - ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช: ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื•, ื•ืžืฆื™ืืชื• ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืงื“ื•ืฉ. ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื• ื”ื ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืืš ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื•ืช ืœื• ื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืขื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืžื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืกืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื•. ื‘. ื”ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื•, ื ื’ื ื– ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื ืฉื”, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื• ื ืชื’ืœื”. ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื." ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื•ื™ื ืคืœื“ ื’ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ. ืื ื™, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื ืื—ื– ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ื•ื ื’ื ื– ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื ืฉื”. ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืฉื”ื–ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ื— (ืจืื™/ื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคื•ืกื˜) ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•, ืฉื”ืชื ื‘ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื•, ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ืืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื...

ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื

ื”ืฆื’ ื”ื›ื•ืœ

ืงึธืจื•ึนื‘ ืึตืœึทื™ ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืžึฐืึนื“ ื•ึฐืึฒื ึดื™ ืคึผื•ึนื—ึตื“ ืคึผึทื—ึทื“ ืžึธื•ึถืช

ืคืจืฉืช ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื” ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืืœ, ื•ื›ื™ ืืœื• ืฉืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื“, ื•ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื™, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื—ื™ื” ืขื•ื“, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืฃ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•

ืžึฐื’ึทืžึฐื’ึฐืœื•ึนืžึทื ึฐื™ึธื”

ืึตืœึผึถื” ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื“ึผึดื‘ึผึถืจ ืžืฉืึถื” ืึถืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื™ึผึทืจื“ืŸ โ€“ ืืžืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ "ืืชืžื•ืœ ืืžืจืช ืœึนื ืึดื™ืฉื ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš?`โ€ฆ" (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘ ) ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉ

ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึทืช ื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืคึฐืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืคึฐืจึดื™ื ืžึตืึธืจื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทืœื•ึผื—ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผืจึดื™ื

ืคืจืฉืช ืขืงื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ 929 ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ โ€“ ื™) ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืคื™ืจื”. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช (ื›ื•ืœื?) ื”ืช

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