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ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ
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. ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืชืจ ืžืฉืœื›ื?ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืดื”ืงื”ืœืด ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”

ืคืจืฉืช ื ืฆื‘ื™ื

" ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึถืšึฐ ืžึนืฉืึถื” ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืึถืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ืึฒืœึตื”ึถื: ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืžึตืึธื” ื•ึฐืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื” ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืœึนื ืื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืขื•ึนื“ ืœึธืฆึตืืช ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ื•ึนื"[1] โ€‹ ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”? - ื”ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืœืืจื›ื” ื•ืœืจื—ื‘ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืชื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืœืš ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืจืฉืื™, ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื›ื›ื—ื™ ืื– ื›ืŸ ืขืชื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ืกืจ ื›ื—ื™, ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื™ ืจืฉืื™...[2] โ€‹ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ึทื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ืœืš ืžืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืืŸ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™. ืžืจื—ืง ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืžื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืช "ืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”" ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืงืœืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืžืขืœื™ื• ืžืจื—ืฃ ืžืกืš ืขื ืงื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ืŸ ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”. ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื›ื”ืชื” ืขื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื ืก ืœึตื—ื•ึน. ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืึดืชื ื• ืœื ื™ืฉื›ื— ืœืขื•ืœื ืืช ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ึทื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ืขืœ ืขื ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœื›ืช. ืขื•ื“ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื• ืœื ื• ื•ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื ื•. ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื ื™ื ืขืกืงื ื™ื ื•ื™ื—ืฆ"ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืš ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”`ื”ืงื”ืœ` ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”. โ€‹ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœื™ื” ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื”ืœืš ืœืงืจืืช ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืืŸ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™. ืืฃ ืืฆืŸ ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉื ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉืงื•ืช ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. โ€‹ ืžื›ืืŸ, ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืกืกื™ื, ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืื‘. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื’ืจื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื™ื ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื”, ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื”ื ืฉืžืฅ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื ื”ืžืชืจืคืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื. โ€‹ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืกืขืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื—ืชื™ืชื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื ื—ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืชืจื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื’ื’ื• ืขื ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืฉืง ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ื”ืืฉืจื”, ื”ืคืขื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืืœื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืฉืชืจืจื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชื ืชืงื™ื ืžืžืฉื” ื•ืžืชื•ืจืชื•, ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื’ืื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. โ€‹ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžืฉื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ื”ื, ื›ืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ, ืžืคืจืคืจื•ืช ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ืคื•ื–ื™ื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื•ืœื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืฃ. ืื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืงืฆื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืก, ื•ื‘ื“ืžืžื” ื”ืžืฉืชืจืจืช ื”ื ืชื•ืœื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงืœื™ืœื™ื. ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื”ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ืืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. โ€‹ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืฉืฃ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ืฉืคืช ื”ื”ื™ื, ืืš ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื’ืœื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืคืช ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• - ืื™ืš ืงืจืข ืืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื˜ื”ื•, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ื ื™ืฆื— ืืช ืขืžืœืง, ื•ืื™ืš ื˜ืก ืœืจืงื™ืข ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื•. โ€‹ ื’ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื•ืขืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืคืคื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ื›ื—ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืฉืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•ืžืžืœื›ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• โ€“ ืื™ืš ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื• ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื•ืช ืกื•ืคื ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืขืคืจ ืจื™ืžื” ื•ืชื•ืœืขื”? ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืชื•? ืื•ืœื™, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืœื• ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื”?โ€ฆ (ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ื‘ื•ื)

ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื

ื”ืฆื’ ื”ื›ื•ืœ

ืงึธืจื•ึนื‘ ืึตืœึทื™ ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืžึฐืึนื“ ื•ึฐืึฒื ึดื™ ืคึผื•ึนื—ึตื“ ืคึผึทื—ึทื“ ืžึธื•ึถืช

ืคืจืฉืช ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื” ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืืœ, ื•ื›ื™ ืืœื• ืฉืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื“, ื•ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื™, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื—ื™ื” ืขื•ื“, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืฃ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•

ืžึฐื’ึทืžึฐื’ึฐืœื•ึนืžึทื ึฐื™ึธื”

ืึตืœึผึถื” ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื“ึผึดื‘ึผึถืจ ืžืฉืึถื” ืึถืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื™ึผึทืจื“ืŸ โ€“ ืืžืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ "ืืชืžื•ืœ ืืžืจืช ืœึนื ืึดื™ืฉื ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš?`โ€ฆ" (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘ ) ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉ

ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึทืช ื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืคึฐืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนืคึฐืจึดื™ื ืžึตืึธืจื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทืœื•ึผื—ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผืจึดื™ื

ืคืจืฉืช ืขืงื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ 929 ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ โ€“ ื™) ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืคื™ืจื”. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช (ื›ื•ืœื?) ื”ืช

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